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Mesopotamia (Roman province)
Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116–117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca. 198, which ranged between the Roman and the Sassanid empires, until the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.
==Trajan's province==
In 113, Emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) launched a war against Rome's long-time eastern rival, the Parthian Empire. In 114, he conquered Armenia, which was made into a province, and by the end of 115, he had conquered northern Mesopotamia. This too was organized as a province in early 116, when coins were minted to celebrate the fact.〔Bennett (1997), pp. 196, 198–199〕
Later in the same year, Trajan marched into central and southern Mesopotamia (enlarging and completing the province of ''Mesopotamia'') and across the river Tigris to Adiabene, which he annexed into another Roman province, Assyria.〔Bennett (1997), p. 201〕 But he did not stop there. In the last months of 116, he captured the great Persian city of Susa. He deposed the Parthian king Osroes I and put his own puppet ruler Parthamaspates on the Parthian throne. Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.
As soon as Trajan died however, his successor Hadrian (r. 117–138) relinquished his conquests east of the Euphrates river, which became again the Roman Empire's eastern boundary.〔Bennett (1997), pp. 206–207〕〔Mommsen, Dickson & Purdie (2004), p. 72〕
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